September 2, 31 BCE
Actium and the Escape That Won Rome
The naval Battle of Actium on September 2, 31 BC
On September 2, 31 BC, Mark Antony and Cleopatra brought a huge fleet to the mouth of a Greek gulf—and then tried to sail past the battle they had to win. Was Actium a disastrous flight, a calculated breakout, or the moment Octavian turned naval tactics into political theater?
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